Reproduction of female identity in Indonesian novel Lelaki Harimau and its German translation Tigermann Reproduksi identitas perempuan dalam novel Indonesia “Lelaki Harimau” dan terjemahan berbahasa Jermannya “Tigermann”
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Abstract
This study aims to explore the reproduction of female identity in the novel Lelaki Harimau by Eka Kurniawan and its German translation Tigermann. This study focuses on the representation of the identity of the female characters in both versions of the text, differences in attitude, judgment, and affect towards female characters in both versions of the text, and influence of the cultural norms of the target language in the reproduction of female identity in translation. This study employs the qualitative method with the approach of content analysis of both versions of the text. Data is obtained from portions of the texts that describe female characters. The results show that there are significant differences in the representation of female identity between the source text and the target text, caused by different lexical and grammatical choices. The German cultural norms influence the reproduction of female identity. The translator adjusted the gender characteristics and roles to fit the context of the target culture. This finding underlines the importance of gender sensitivity in the translation of literary texts and shows how translation is not only a process of transferring meaning, but it is also a medium that can reproduce gender identity, particularly female identity.
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Finalia, C., Malik, M. Z. A., & Cleveresty, T. B. (2025). Reproduction of female identity in Indonesian novel Lelaki Harimau and its German translation Tigermann. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 8(3), 703-716. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v8i3.1250
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Ma, Y., & Wang, B. (2016). A review of systemic functional translation studies from an interpersonal perspective. International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 12(1).
Manfredi, M. (2011). Systemic functional linguistics as a tool for translation teaching: Towards a meaningful practice. Systemic Functional Linguistics, 49–62. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/9176
Marais, K. (2018). Translation and development. In The Routledge handbook of translation and politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315621289
Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007a). Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. Continuum.
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Morgenroth, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2018). Gender trouble in social psychology: How can Butler’s work inform experimental social psychologists’ conceptualization of gender? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01320
Naganuma, M. (2008). A systemic functional approach to translation pedagogy in Japan. Systemic Functional Linguistics in Use: Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication, 29, 589–600.
Pollali, C.-S., & Sidiropoulou, M. (2021). Identity formation and patriarchal voices in theatre translation. Journal of Pragmatics, 177, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.018
Prayogo, M. D. (2023). Semiotic study: The meaning of women in the structure of social political movements in the 4 series of books The Buru Island Tetralogy. Berumpun: International Journal of Social, Politics, and Humanities, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33019/berumpun.v6i1.71
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Sari, N. P., & Rusdiarti, S. R. (2024). Konstruksi women empowerment dalam film Memoria. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 7(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i2.923
Seidman, G. W. (1999). Gendered citizenship. Gender & Society, 13(3), 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124399013003002
Silva, M. O., Melo-Gomes, L. de, & Moro, M. M. (2024). From words to gender: Quantitative analysis of body part descriptions within literature in Portuguese. Information Processing & Management, 61(3), 103647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103647
Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Fianagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis I. Sex Roles, 28(11).
Sudarmaji, S., Santoso, I., & Mulyati, R. E. S. (2023). Analisis kesalahan hasil terjemahan mesin penerjemah teks bahasa Jerman ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 6(2), 483–500. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i2.668
Sugiharti, S., Nababan, M. R., Santosa, R., & Supana. (2022). The shift of politeness strategies of Javanese woman characters in the English translation of Indonesian novel ‘Gadis Pantai’. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.803008
Suhadi, M. F. (2023). Sexual harassment in Eka Kurniawan’s novel Lelaki Harimau. International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL), 3(2). https://doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v3i2.2760
Thahara, Y., & Firdaus, A. (2014). Menilai kualitas terjemahan melalui teori appraisal: Studi kasus subtitle X-Men Origins Wolverine. In The first international translation and interpretation symposium Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia (pp. 324–329).
Thoyyibah, A., & El Milal, D. F. (2023). Perception of “Beautiful” Indonesian women in the Eka Kurniawan’s novel “Beauty is a Wound.” International Journal of English Learning and Applied Linguistics (IJELAL), 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21111/ijelal.v3i2.10100
Wang, B. (2014). Theme in translation: A systemic functional linguistic perspective. International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, 2(4), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.2n.4p.54
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Yan, C., & Huang, J. (2014). The culture turn in translation studies. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.44041
Yonamine, M. (2022). Domestication and foreignization in interlingual subtitling: A systematic review of contemporary research. Translation and Interpreting, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.114201.2022.A11
Yulianeta, Y., Soeratno, S. C., & Kusharyanto, J. (2016). Representation of gender ideology in Indonesia novels: A study of The Reformation Era Novel. Lingua Cultura, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v10i1.845
Alshhre, A. M. (2024). Gender in revelations: Unraveling gendered struggles and revisiting the construction of cultural identity paradigms in Badriyah Al-Bishr’s Hend Wa alʿaskar (2006). Women’s Studies International Forum, 106, 102980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102980
Aubrey, J. S., & Frisby, C. M. (2011). Sexual objectification in music videos: A content analysis comparing gender and genre. Mass Communication and Society, 14(4), 475–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.513468
Belsey, C., & Moore, J. (1997). The feminist reader: Essays in gender and the politics of literary criticism. Palgrave Macmillan.
Benton, F. (2015). Getting a bad rap: Misogynistic themes in YouTube’s top 100 most viewed pop and hip hop/rap music videos by artists’ gender. CLA Journal, 3, 11–35. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322665800
Bezdoode, Z. (2024). Kurdish women “bargaining with patriarchy:” The subversive woman in Ata Nahai’s fiction. Women’s Studies International Forum, 107, 102995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102995
Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (pp. 574–580). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00091-2
Caradeux, D. A., & Salom, L. G. (2013). Social representation of gender in award-winner short films in Spain. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 95, 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.631
Cavallaro, D. (2001). Critical and cultural theory. A&C Black.
Cocca, C. (2016). Superwomen: Gender, power, and representation. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Darmapratiwi, K., & Pratiwi, D. P. E. (2024). Translation strategies of metaphor in The Ballad of Never After novel by Stephanie Garber. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 7(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i1.797
Demissie, B. (2024). The representation of women in Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o’s The River Between and A Grain of Wheat: An ideological approach. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101004
Fernández, L. J. T. (2022). Perpetuation of sexism through proverbs: The case of Martínez Kleiser’s Refranero General Ideológico Español. Language & Communication, 83, 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2022.01.003
Finalia, C. (2022). Translation of physical aspects of women image from Indonesian into German: An appraisal analysis. Metahumaniora, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v12i1.38154
Finalia, C., Nababan, M. R., Santosa, R., & Djatmika, D. (2019). An appraisal theory approach to translation of body parts of women on the novel “Lelaki Harimau” by Eka Kurniawan. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2018). https://doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-18.2019.9
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
Gustema, N. H. (2020). The translation of figurative languages in novel Lelaki Harimau by Eka Kurniawan. MOZAIK HUMANIORA, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.20473/mozaik.v20i1.16409
Hornscheidt, A. (2003). Linguistic and public attitudes towards gender in Swedish. In Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men (Vol. 1–3, pp. 339–368). J. Benjamins.
Jackson, Y. A. (2004). Performativity identified. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403257673
Kjellgren, A. (2023). The myth of Woman: Simone de Beauvoir and the anthropological discourse on myth. History of European Ideas, 49(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2023.2198542
Lear, A., & Taylor, K. (2023). “A woman ‘in the snow among the clocks and instruments’”: How Adrienne Rich reimagined the lives of women astronomers. Acta Astronautica, 207, 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.03.025
Lombardo, E., & Meier, P. (2014). The symbolic representation of gender. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315552408
Ma, Y., & Wang, B. (2016). A review of systemic functional translation studies from an interpersonal perspective. International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 12(1).
Manfredi, M. (2011). Systemic functional linguistics as a tool for translation teaching: Towards a meaningful practice. Systemic Functional Linguistics, 49–62. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/9176
Marais, K. (2018). Translation and development. In The Routledge handbook of translation and politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315621289
Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007a). Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. Continuum.
Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007b). Working with discourse. Meaning beyond the clause (2. Auflage ed.). Continuum.
McRobbie, A. (2009). The aftermath of feminism: Gender, culture and social change. Sage Publications Ltd.
Morgenroth, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2018). Gender trouble in social psychology: How can Butler’s work inform experimental social psychologists’ conceptualization of gender? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01320
Naganuma, M. (2008). A systemic functional approach to translation pedagogy in Japan. Systemic Functional Linguistics in Use: Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication, 29, 589–600.
Pollali, C.-S., & Sidiropoulou, M. (2021). Identity formation and patriarchal voices in theatre translation. Journal of Pragmatics, 177, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.018
Prayogo, M. D. (2023). Semiotic study: The meaning of women in the structure of social political movements in the 4 series of books The Buru Island Tetralogy. Berumpun: International Journal of Social, Politics, and Humanities, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33019/berumpun.v6i1.71
Rothman, B. K. (2016). Beyond mothers and fathers: Ideology in a patriarchal society. In Mothering (pp. 139–157). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315538891-9/beyond-mothers-fathers-ideology-patriarchal-society-barbara-katz-rothman
Sari, N. P., & Rusdiarti, S. R. (2024). Konstruksi women empowerment dalam film Memoria. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 7(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i2.923
Seidman, G. W. (1999). Gendered citizenship. Gender & Society, 13(3), 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124399013003002
Silva, M. O., Melo-Gomes, L. de, & Moro, M. M. (2024). From words to gender: Quantitative analysis of body part descriptions within literature in Portuguese. Information Processing & Management, 61(3), 103647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103647
Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Fianagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis I. Sex Roles, 28(11).
Sudarmaji, S., Santoso, I., & Mulyati, R. E. S. (2023). Analisis kesalahan hasil terjemahan mesin penerjemah teks bahasa Jerman ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 6(2), 483–500. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i2.668
Sugiharti, S., Nababan, M. R., Santosa, R., & Supana. (2022). The shift of politeness strategies of Javanese woman characters in the English translation of Indonesian novel ‘Gadis Pantai’. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.803008
Suhadi, M. F. (2023). Sexual harassment in Eka Kurniawan’s novel Lelaki Harimau. International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL), 3(2). https://doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v3i2.2760
Thahara, Y., & Firdaus, A. (2014). Menilai kualitas terjemahan melalui teori appraisal: Studi kasus subtitle X-Men Origins Wolverine. In The first international translation and interpretation symposium Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia (pp. 324–329).
Thoyyibah, A., & El Milal, D. F. (2023). Perception of “Beautiful” Indonesian women in the Eka Kurniawan’s novel “Beauty is a Wound.” International Journal of English Learning and Applied Linguistics (IJELAL), 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21111/ijelal.v3i2.10100
Wang, B. (2014). Theme in translation: A systemic functional linguistic perspective. International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, 2(4), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.2n.4p.54
Wulandari, D. (2021). The representation of women in N.H.Dini’s Pada Sebuah Kapal: The reflection of women cultural identity of the 1970s. E3S Web of Conferences, 317. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131703009
Yan, C., & Huang, J. (2014). The culture turn in translation studies. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.44041
Yonamine, M. (2022). Domestication and foreignization in interlingual subtitling: A systematic review of contemporary research. Translation and Interpreting, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.114201.2022.A11
Yulianeta, Y., Soeratno, S. C., & Kusharyanto, J. (2016). Representation of gender ideology in Indonesia novels: A study of The Reformation Era Novel. Lingua Cultura, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v10i1.845